Infertility is a growing public health concern in India, affecting millions of couples and presenting significant social, emotional, and economic challenges. This review explores the prevalence of infertility, which varies widely across regions, with rates ranging from 3.9% to 16.8% according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The causes of infertility in India are multifaceted, encompassing physiological factors such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), varicocele, and tubal blockages, as well as sociodemographic influences like delayed marriage, urbanization, and lifestyle choices. The review also highlights the psychological burden of infertility, exacerbated by societal stigma. Despite the availability of advanced treatments, including In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), access to these services is often limited by cost and geographic disparities. The need for comprehensive public health strategies, including preventive measures, education, and policy interventions, is emphasized to address the complex challenges of infertility in India and improve outcomes for affected couples.

The recent global spread of monkeypox has underscored the critical need for robust public health strategies to combat zoonotic diseases. Historically confined to Central and West Africa, monkeypox has emerged as a significant threat to non-endemic regions, including India. This review examines India's comprehensive preparedness for monkeypox, highlighting the country's proactive measures in surveillance, healthcare infrastructure, public awareness, and international collaboration. The 2022 outbreak, marked by the West African clade, prompted heightened surveillance and targeted public health interventions, particularly among high-risk groups. In contrast, the 2024 outbreak, involving a more virulent strain, emphasized the importance of sustained vigilance and adaptive strategies. India’s response, focusing on early detection, equitable vaccine distribution, and strengthening healthcare infrastructure, has been critical in preventing widespread transmission. Moving forward, India's success will depend on continued investments in healthcare, effective public communication, and collaboration with global health organizations. By leveraging its role as a global leader in vaccine production and public health innovation, India is well-positioned to contribute to international efforts in combating zoonotic diseases and future health threats.

Cancer remains a significant health challenge globally, with its burden steadily rising in India. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of cancer patient data from the Indira Gandhi Medical College (IGMC) Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, collected over a five-year period from 2018 to 2022. IGMC Shimla, a premier healthcare institution, plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and care. Our analysis encompasses new cancer registrations, outpatient department (OPD) visits, chemotherapy and radiation therapy treatments, and cancer-related mortality. A total of 12,662 new cancer cases were registered, with a nearly equal gender distribution (6,546 males and 6,116 females). The OPD recorded 113,745 visits, 85,534 patients received chemotherapy, and 8,267 patients underwent radiation therapy. Significant geographic disparities were observed, with Shimla, Mandi, and Kangra reporting the highest number of cases, while districts like Una, Kinnour, and Lahaul & Spiti reported fewer cases. Age-wise, cancer predominantly affected older adults, particularly those aged 60-79 years. These findings highlight the need for gender-neutral screening programs, enhanced OPD infrastructure, and improved access to advanced diagnostic and treatment facilities. Addressing these gaps through targeted public health interventions and comprehensive screening programs is crucial for mitigating the cancer burden and improving patient outcomes in Himachal Pradesh. This study serves as a vital resource for healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers in their ongoing efforts to combat cancer and enhance cancer care in the region.

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has emerged as a crucial tool in combating HPV-related diseases, including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers, as well as genital warts. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the HPV vaccine, detailing its development, effectiveness, safety, and vaccination schedules. It also examines global statistics, with a particular focus on the status of HPV vaccination in India and the state of Himachal Pradesh. The vaccine's efficacy in preventing high-risk HPV infections and related cancers is supported by extensive clinical trial data and real-world evidence, showcasing significant reductions in disease incidence among vaccinated populations. Despite the proven benefits, challenges such as cost, cultural perceptions, and healthcare access continue to hinder widespread adoption, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Recent advancements, including the development of therapeutic vaccines, hold promise for future HPV-related disease prevention and treatment. In India and Himachal Pradesh, targeted initiatives and community engagement are essential to overcome barriers and ensure broader vaccine coverage. This review underscores the importance of continued efforts to improve vaccine accessibility, reduce costs, and address cultural barriers to achieve global success in the fight against HPV-related diseases.

Cancer has become a significant public health issue in Himachal Pradesh, India, with an unprecedented 800% increase in cases from 2013 to 2022. This surge, outpacing national trends, highlights the urgent need for targeted public health strategies. Factors such as improved diagnostic capabilities, changing lifestyles, and environmental influences contribute to this rise. Breast cancer in younger women, rising lung cancer cases, and cervical cancer prevalence, underscore the need for focused interventions. The state's unique geographical challenges, including difficult terrain and dispersed populations, complicate access to healthcare, leading to delayed diagnoses and treatments. Despite government initiatives to improve diagnostic and treatment facilities, significant gaps remain, particularly in remote areas. Increasing awareness, implementing comprehensive screening programs, and enhancing healthcare infrastructure are critical to addressing the cancer crisis in Himachal Pradesh. Lessons from this state can provide valuable insights for other regions facing similar challenges.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical global health threat, with India experiencing one of the highest burdens due to widespread misuse of antibiotics and suboptimal infection control. This comprehensive review examines the current status of AMR in India, highlighting alarming resistance rates among key pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococcus aureus. It delves into the multifaceted drivers of AMR, including over-the-counter antibiotic availability, poor infection control, agricultural practices, environmental contamination, and low public awareness. National initiatives like the National Action Plan on AMR, NARS-Net, and antimicrobial stewardship programs are evaluated for their impact on mitigating this crisis. Recent research emphasizes the One Health approach, surveillance data, novel antibiotics, and the COVID-19 impact on AMR trends. The review also discusses challenges and future directions, advocating for stronger regulatory measures, capacity building, public education, research, innovation, and international collaboration to effectively combat AMR. Understanding India's unique challenges and implementing targeted strategies are essential for addressing this escalating public health issue.

Ultrasound imaging has revolutionized obstetric care, enabling real-time fetal monitoring, early detection of anomalies, and informed clinical decision-making. Technological advancements such as 3D/4D ultrasound, Doppler, elastography, and AI-driven systems have enhanced diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Innovations like portable devices and telemedicine improve access to care in remote areas. Despite challenges such as operator dependency and limited access in low-resource settings, ultrasound remains critical in improving pregnancy outcomes. Future trends include AI, virtual reality, and elastography for advanced fetal assessment.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide, where early detection is crucial for improving survival rates. Advancements in imaging modalities, such as mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and molecular imaging, have significantly transformed breast cancer diagnosis and management. These technologies allow for early detection, accurate tumor characterization, and effective treatment monitoring. Emerging trends, including artificial intelligence, contrast-enhanced techniques, and 3D mammography, promise to further enhance diagnostic precision and patient outcomes.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation, driven by complex interactions among genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD, where dysbiosis, reduced microbial diversity, and altered metabolite production disrupt intestinal homeostasis, exacerbate inflammation, and compromise barrier function. This review explores the relationship between gut microbiota and IBD, emphasizing the gut-immune axis and its implications for disease progression. It also examines promising microbiota-targeted therapies—such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and microbiome-based therapeutics—as future treatment strategies. Personalized approaches, leveraging individual microbial profiles, offer potential for more effective and tailored IBD management.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent chronic condition characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, leading to symptoms like heartburn and complications such as esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy, specifically upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, is critical in diagnosing and managing GERD, especially in patients with alarm symptoms, refractory cases, or suspected complications. It allows for direct visualization, biopsy, and therapeutic interventions, including endoscopic fundoplication, radiofrequency ablation, and mucosal resection. Recent advancements, such as narrow band imaging, confocal laser endomicroscopy, and AI-driven diagnostics, have enhanced the detection of early disease and improved patient outcomes. As endoscopic techniques evolve, they offer minimally invasive, personalized treatment options, shaping the future of GERD management.

Untreated dental caries remains a significant public health burden worldwide, affecting billions of people and contributing to pain, infections, and tooth loss. This global issue is prevalent across all age groups, with low- and middle-income countries being particularly impacted due to limited access to dental care. The consequences of untreated caries extend to diminished quality of life, school absenteeism, and economic strain. Public health strategies, including fluoride use, oral hygiene promotion, increased access to care, and addressing dietary risk factors, are essential to mitigating this burden.

Sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, are intricately linked to mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. This article explores the bidirectional relationship between these conditions, highlighting how poor sleep exacerbates mood disorders and vice versa. Insomnia often precedes or worsens depression and anxiety by disrupting emotional regulation, stress response, and cognitive functioning. The article emphasizes holistic treatment approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), mindfulness-based therapies, pharmacological interventions, and lifestyle modifications to address both sleep disturbances and mental health simultaneously.

Lifestyle modification, encompassing dietary changes, regular exercise, and behavioral therapy, plays a critical role in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and improving outcomes. With CVD remaining the leading global cause of mortality, integrating healthy dietary patterns like the Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets has demonstrated significant cardioprotective benefits by improving lipid profiles, blood pressure, and inflammation. Regular physical activity, including aerobic and resistance training, enhances cardiovascular fitness and reduces risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Behavioral interventions, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive-behavioral therapy, address psychosocial factors and promote long-term adherence to healthy habits. A holistic approach that integrates these three elements offers a sustainable and effective strategy for preventing and managing CVD. Advances in technology, multidisciplinary care, and personalized interventions further support the success and long-term adherence to lifestyle modifications, helping to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular disease.

Dietary habits play a crucial role in oral health, influencing the development of dental caries, periodontal disease, and erosion. High sugar consumption, acidic foods, and nutrient deficiencies contribute to poor oral health outcomes globally. The rise of processed and sugar-laden diets has exacerbated these issues, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Public health strategies, such as sugar reduction initiatives, promoting healthy eating habits, and integrating oral health into broader nutrition policies, are vital in combating diet-related oral diseases and improving overall health outcomes.

The increasing consumption of junk food among Indian children has become a major public health concern. Fast food, high in unhealthy fats, sugars, and salt, but low in essential nutrients, is contributing to rising obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nutritional deficiencies in children. The popularity of junk food is driven by aggressive marketing, urbanization, convenience, and social influences. Addressing this issue requires a multi-pronged approach, including government regulation, education, parental guidance, and community involvement to promote healthier eating habits and physical activity.

Telecardiology leverages remote monitoring, teleconsultation, and mobile health technologies to address the disparities in cardiovascular care between rural and urban populations. Cardiovascular disease rates are higher in rural areas due to limited access to healthcare, higher prevalence of risk factors, and socioeconomic challenges. Telecardiology offers timely specialist consultations, early detection of cardiovascular events, and improved medication adherence and lifestyle management, reducing hospitalizations and healthcare costs. However, challenges such as limited internet access, digital literacy, reimbursement issues, and integration with existing systems must be addressed for its widespread adoption. Advancements in wearable devices, AI-driven analytics, and remote rehabilitation are shaping the future of telecardiology, offering personalized, cost-effective, and accessible cardiovascular care in underserved areas.

Suicide is a global public health crisis, particularly among individuals with mental health disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. This article explores the tools, techniques, and emerging trends in suicide risk assessment and prevention in psychiatric practice. It highlights the use of structured clinical interviews, screening tools like the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale, and therapeutic approaches like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). The growing role of digital health technologies and community-based programs in reducing suicide rates is also discussed.

The rise of screen time among Indian children, fueled by increased access to digital devices and the shift to online education, has led to a growing public health concern. Excessive screen use contributes to sedentary lifestyles, causing health issues like obesity, vision problems, and poor posture. Additionally, cognitive and behavioral problems, such as decreased academic performance, sleep disturbances, and mental health issues, are linked to prolonged screen time. Public health interventions, including government initiatives, school programs, and parental guidance, are critical in addressing these concerns.

The rise in violence and harassment against doctors in India has become a critical public health issue, affecting both male and female healthcare professionals. This review explores the problem's scope, including physical assaults, verbal abuse, psychological harassment, and sexual harassment, with perpetrators ranging from patients and their relatives to colleagues and superiors. Systemic issues such as inadequate healthcare infrastructure, communication gaps, and cultural attitudes, along with workplace dynamics like rigid hierarchies and gender discrimination, contribute to this crisis. The impact on doctors is profound, leading to psychological distress, job dissatisfaction, and compromised patient care. Despite existing legal protections, there is an urgent need for stronger enforcement and comprehensive national legislation. The review recommends reforms focused on legal protections, healthcare infrastructure improvements, enhanced communication, and fostering a culture of respect and collaboration to protect doctors and ensure the continued delivery of quality healthcare in India.

Peripheral neuropathy, characterized by pain, numbness, and weakness in the extremities, is commonly seen in patients with diabetes and those undergoing chemotherapy. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is driven by metabolic and microvascular damage linked to hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) results from direct neurotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Both forms can severely impact quality of life, with limited treatment options primarily focused on symptom relief. Recent advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of DPN and CIPN have led to novel therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological agents, non-pharmacological interventions, and emerging approaches like gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and neuromodulation. Early diagnosis, personalized management, and preventive strategies are essential to improving outcomes for affected patients.

This comprehensive analysis delves into the significant public health challenge posed by Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in India, underscoring the complex interrelation of socio-economic disparities, cultural stigmas, and the inadequacies within the healthcare system that contribute to their widespread prevalence. The study thoroughly examines the epidemiology, shifting trends, and key populations disproportionately affected by STIs, while also exploring the socio-economic, behavioral, and biological factors that intensify the issue. It advocates for a robust, multifaceted response, including the enhancement of surveillance systems, investment in innovative research, community-based interventions, and strengthened international collaboration. The analysis further highlights the critical need for policy reform, comprehensive sexual health education, and equitable healthcare access to effectively reduce the STI burden and improve the overall health and well-being of the Indian population.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and initiatives in organ donation in India. It highlights key efforts by the government and organizations to address the significant gap between the demand for and supply of organs. The article explores national campaigns such as Indian Organ Donation Day and the Angdaan Jan Jagrukta Abhiyaan, which aim to raise awareness and encourage public participation. It also discusses legislative reforms, including amendments to the Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA) and the "One Nation, One Policy" initiative, which seek to streamline and unify organ donation procedures across the country. Technological innovations, such as online platforms and virtual reality, are playing a crucial role in making organ donation more accessible and transparent. Furthermore, the inclusion of organ transplants under health schemes like Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is making these life-saving procedures more affordable. The article emphasizes the importance of community engagement, training for healthcare professionals, and public recognition of donor families in fostering a culture of organ donation in India.

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, particularly in India. This condition is characterized by a complex interplay of genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors, leading to symptoms such as menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. The disorder is further complicated by insulin resistance, obesity, and an elevated risk of developing chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychological disorders. In India, the high prevalence of PCOD, coupled with socioeconomic barriers, cultural stigma, and limited awareness, presents significant challenges in diagnosis and management. Effective treatment necessitates a comprehensive and individualized approach that includes lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and sometimes surgical procedures. Public health initiatives, professional training, and support systems are crucial in addressing the unique challenges faced by women in India, ensuring early diagnosis, and providing holistic care to improve quality of life.

The global mental health crisis is an escalating concern, with millions affected by disorders like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Despite growing awareness, access to psychiatric care is hindered by various barriers, including stigma, inadequate infrastructure, economic constraints, and workforce shortages. This research article explores these challenges and presents strategies to improve access to mental health services, such as reducing stigma, expanding the mental health workforce, integrating care into primary health systems, and leveraging technology. Tackling these barriers can significantly enhance global mental health outcomes.

Pain management in the ICU is a critical aspect of patient care, addressing both acute and chronic pain through a multidisciplinary approach. Effective management enhances recovery, reduces complications, and improves long-term outcomes. ICU pain can arise from various sources, including surgeries, procedures, and chronic conditions. Key strategies include the use of multimodal analgesia, opioid-sparing techniques, and non-pharmacological interventions like physical therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Emerging trends, such as personalized pain management and AI integration, aim to further refine pain control and improve patient outcomes.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease globally, closely linked to the rise in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It encompasses a spectrum from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its high prevalence, NAFLD is often underdiagnosed and lacks approved pharmacological treatments. Currently, lifestyle modifications remain the cornerstone of management, with weight loss shown to improve liver outcomes. However, emerging therapies targeting insulin resistance, inflammation, fibrosis, and the gut-liver axis are showing promise in addressing the complex pathogenesis of NAFLD. Novel agents, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, bile acid modulators, and microbiome-targeted therapies, offer hope for more effective treatment. Moving forward, a combination of early diagnosis, risk stratification, and personalized interventions will be crucial in reducing disease progression and improving outcomes.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a prevalent and significant health issue in the elderly, characterized by atypical symptoms, diagnostic challenges, and increased risks of complications like sepsis and recurrent infections. The management of UTIs in this population is complicated by age-related physiological changes, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Recent guidelines emphasize appropriate antibiotic selection, shorter treatment durations, and the avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics to reduce resistance. Emerging non-antibiotic strategies, such as cranberry products, probiotics, and topical estrogen, offer promising preventive measures. Meanwhile, novel approaches like immunization and tailored antibiotic stewardship hold potential for more effective management. A comprehensive, multifaceted approach is crucial to improving UTI outcomes in older adults and minimizing the impact of resistance.

Hypertension is a prevalent condition in the elderly, posing significant risks for cardiovascular disease, including stroke, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Age-related changes such as arterial stiffness, diminished baroreceptor sensitivity, and renal function decline, coupled with comorbidities and polypharmacy, complicate hypertension management in older adults. Effective control of blood pressure is essential for reducing cardiovascular risks, yet it requires a personalized approach that considers each patient’s comorbid conditions, frailty, and risk of adverse effects. Recent advancements in treatment strategies, including individualized blood pressure targets, fixed-dose combination therapies, and lifestyle interventions, have improved hypertension management in the elderly. Additionally, emerging trends such as renal denervation, telemedicine, and remote monitoring offer innovative solutions for optimizing blood pressure control. By addressing these complexities with a comprehensive, patient-centered approach, healthcare providers can improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for elderly patients with hypertension.

Infection control in the ICU is vital for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). This review explores best practices for minimizing these infections, including elevating the head of the bed, aseptic insertion techniques, and antimicrobial stewardship. Emerging trends such as bundled care, automated infection surveillance, and advanced disinfection technologies like ultraviolet (UV) cleaning further enhance infection prevention in critical care settings, improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality.

Diarrheal disease remains a leading cause of illness and death among Indian children, primarily due to poor sanitation, contaminated water, and inadequate hygiene. Improving sanitation infrastructure, providing clean drinking water, and promoting hygiene education are essential strategies to combat this public health issue. This article emphasizes the importance of addressing both rural and urban sanitation challenges, encouraging community participation, and implementing effective public health programs. By prioritizing these interventions, India can significantly reduce the burden of diarrheal disease and improve child health outcomes.

Thyroid nodules are common findings in clinical practice, with a majority being benign but a small percentage potentially malignant, leading to thyroid cancer. Imaging modalities play a critical role in detecting, diagnosing, and managing these nodules. This review discusses the use of ultrasound, CT, MRI, and nuclear imaging techniques such as scintigraphy and PET in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Emerging technologies like elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and artificial intelligence are transforming the field, improving diagnostic accuracy and guiding treatment decisions.

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a respiratory virus first identified in 2001, has gained significant attention globally and in India due to its increasing prevalence and impact on public health. Recent cases reported across India, particularly in pediatric and elderly populations, underscore its growing significance as a cause of acute respiratory infections. This review comprehensively examines HMPV's epidemiology, seasonal patterns, clinical manifestations, and transmission dynamics, with a focus on its implications within the Indian healthcare context. It explores the proactive measures adopted by the Indian government and state health departments, such as enhanced surveillance, public advisories, and the establishment of specialized healthcare facilities. Furthermore, the article highlights scientific advancements, including genomic studies identifying new viral lineages and promising vaccine development efforts targeting HMPV and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). By addressing diagnostic challenges, healthcare capacity, and public awareness, this review provides a detailed roadmap for managing HMPV and mitigating its impact on India's healthcare system.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a highly prevalent bacterial infection globally, contributing to various gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Eradication of H. pylori is critical for preventing these complications; however, rising antibiotic resistance, patient non-compliance, and reinfection have posed significant challenges to successful treatment. Traditional therapies such as clarithromycin-based triple therapy are increasingly ineffective due to resistance, particularly in regions with high clarithromycin and metronidazole resistance. New treatment strategies, including tailored therapy based on antibiotic susceptibility, vonoprazan-based regimens, high-dose dual therapy, and rifabutin-based rescue therapy, offer promising alternatives for overcoming resistance and improving eradication rates. Additionally, probiotics as adjunctive therapies have shown potential in enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing side effects. Future research into vaccines may offer a long-term solution for preventing H. pylori infection. Personalized approaches, antibiotic stewardship, and innovative therapies are essential for addressing the global burden of H. pylori and its associated diseases.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare immune-mediated disorder characterized by acute flaccid paralysis caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the peripheral nervous system. This study examines a recent surge in GBS cases in Maharashtra, India, with a particular focus on the Pune district. Through comprehensive online research utilizing reputable medical websites, scientific journals, government reports, online newspapers, and digital platforms such as Google, we analyze the epidemiological features of this outbreak, including case numbers, demographic trends, and temporal and spatial distribution. Potential causes are explored, emphasizing infectious agents, contaminated water sources, and other environmental factors. The outbreak's impact on public health and healthcare systems is also evaluated, highlighting the strain on medical resources, the economic burden, and the psychological toll on patients and families. Furthermore, the study discusses the implications for managing and preventing GBS outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of improved surveillance systems, public health awareness campaigns, and investment in healthcare infrastructure to address the challenges posed by GBS effectively. This analysis underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts to mitigate the burden of this debilitating condition in India.

Gastrointestinal motility disorders encompass a range of conditions that disrupt the normal movement and coordination of the digestive tract, leading to symptoms such as dysphagia, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. These disorders, including gastroparesis, achalasia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and chronic idiopathic constipation, result from abnormalities in neural, hormonal, and muscular mechanisms that regulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The pathophysiology of these conditions is complex, involving disruptions in the enteric nervous system, the gut-brain axis, and smooth muscle function. Diagnostic tools such as high-resolution manometry, gastric emptying scintigraphy, and wireless motility capsules are essential in characterizing motility disturbances. Treatment approaches are multifaceted, ranging from prokinetic agents and laxatives to surgical interventions and emerging therapies targeting the microbiome and neural pathways. This review highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these disorders and explores both established and emerging therapeutic strategies, underscoring the importance of personalized treatment approaches in improving patient outcomes.

India is currently grappling with the "double burden" of malnutrition, where undernutrition and obesity coexist as major public health issues among its pediatric population. While undernutrition remains prevalent in rural and impoverished areas, the rapid rise of childhood obesity in urban regions is driven by unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles. This paradox requires a comprehensive public health approach involving government policies, school-based interventions, community efforts, and public awareness campaigns to ensure balanced nutrition and active lifestyles for children.

Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, are rising globally, driven by complex interactions between psychological and societal factors. This article explores the impact of body image disturbances, perfectionism, emotional dysregulation, and trauma on the development of eating disorders. Societal pressures, such as the thin ideal and media influence, exacerbate these conditions. Effective treatment approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, family-based therapy, and integrative methods, are necessary for recovery. Addressing these factors can reduce the prevalence of eating disorders and promote body positivity.

Cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are major concerns in aging populations, with Alzheimer’s being the most common cause of dementia globally. As the number of individuals affected by AD continues to rise, early detection and intervention are crucial for slowing disease progression and preserving cognitive function. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by amyloid-beta plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Early identification of cognitive decline, often beginning with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), allows for timely interventions that may delay progression. This review examines the latest strategies for early detection, including clinical assessments, advanced neuroimaging, and biomarkers. Additionally, it explores novel pharmacological therapies, such as amyloid-beta and tau-targeting treatments, as well as lifestyle interventions like exercise, cognitive training, and dietary modifications. Emerging therapies, including gene editing and stem cell therapy, offer new avenues for future treatment. By integrating early diagnosis and comprehensive intervention strategies, it is possible to improve outcomes for individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

Chronic headaches, including migraines and tension-type headaches (TTH), are prevalent neurological disorders that significantly impair quality of life and contribute to substantial economic and social burdens. Despite the availability of traditional treatments, many patients experience inadequate relief, prompting the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review explores the current advancements in the management of chronic headaches, focusing on new pharmacological options such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors, botox (onabotulinumtoxinA), and lasmiditan, as well as non-invasive neuromodulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Additionally, lifestyle interventions such as stress management, sleep hygiene, dietary modifications, and physical activity are discussed as complementary approaches to improve outcomes. These emerging therapies offer promising alternatives for patients with refractory headaches, paving the way for more personalized and effective management of chronic headaches.

Cardiopulmonary monitoring plays a critical role in the management of hemodynamic instability in critically ill patients, offering real-time insights into cardiac function, fluid status, and tissue perfusion. Advances in technology have enhanced the precision of both invasive and non-invasive monitoring techniques, enabling more individualized and effective interventions. This review explores the latest innovations in cardiopulmonary monitoring, including invasive methods like pulmonary artery catheters and arterial line monitoring, and minimally invasive tools such as pulse contour analysis, esophageal Doppler monitoring, and bioreactance. These technologies, combined with dynamic assessments of fluid responsiveness, have improved fluid management and reduced complications in the ICU. The use of advanced echocardiography and tissue oxygenation monitoring, such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), further enhances patient outcomes by optimizing hemodynamic parameters. Despite challenges like the complexity of data interpretation and cost, the integration of personalized, goal-directed therapy based on continuous monitoring has demonstrated significant benefits in improving survival, reducing organ dysfunction, and enhancing recovery in critically ill patients.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition affecting aging men, characterized by non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland and commonly leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). As the global population ages, the incidence of BPH is increasing, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Traditionally managed through lifestyle changes, pharmacological treatments, and surgical intervention for advanced cases, the landscape of BPH management has evolved with recent innovations. These include advancements in medical therapies, such as combination treatment with alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, and minimally invasive surgical techniques like laser-based therapies, prostatic urethral lift (UroLift), and water vapor therapy (Rezum). Moreover, emerging technologies such as aquablation and prostate artery embolization are reshaping the treatment paradigm, offering improved efficacy and reduced side effects. This review explores the latest developments in the medical and surgical management of BPH, focusing on personalized treatment approaches and emerging technologies that optimize patient outcomes.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing radiology by improving diagnostic accuracy, optimizing workflows, and enhancing patient outcomes. AI applications in medical imaging interpretation, workflow automation, and image acquisition are transforming the field, particularly in modalities like X-rays, CT, MRI, and mammography. AI aids in early disease detection, reduces diagnostic errors, and enhances productivity. Despite challenges related to data quality, integration, and ethical concerns, AI holds immense promise for precision medicine and decision support in radiology's future.

Urolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, is a common urological condition characterized by the formation of stones in the urinary tract. Over the past few decades, advancements in treatment options have significantly improved patient outcomes, transitioning from invasive open surgeries to highly effective minimally invasive techniques. Among these, laser lithotripsy, particularly with Holmium lasers, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) stand out as major advancements. Laser lithotripsy offers precise stone fragmentation, high success rates, and the ability to treat various stone types, while ESWL provides a non-invasive option for smaller stones. Recent innovations, such as thulium fiber laser lithotripsy, robot-assisted surgery, and micro-invasive techniques, further enhance the efficacy and safety of stone management, offering faster recovery times and improved patient outcomes. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and cutting-edge treatment modalities for urolithiasis, emphasizing the role of laser lithotripsy and ESWL, along with emerging technologies that are shaping the future of kidney stone treatment.

Regional anesthesia (RA) has evolved into a crucial element of modern perioperative care, offering significant advantages in pain management, patient recovery, and overall surgical outcomes. With the integration of advanced techniques such as ultrasound guidance and multimodal analgesia strategies, regional anesthesia has become the preferred approach in various surgeries, minimizing opioid consumption and reducing the risks associated with general anesthesia. This review article examines the latest developments in regional anesthesia, highlighting the effectiveness of modern techniques, their role in improving postoperative pain control, and emerging innovations shaping the field. Key advancements include peripheral nerve blocks for upper and lower extremity surgeries, neuraxial anesthesia techniques such as spinal and epidural blocks, and the use of ultrasound to enhance precision and safety. The article also explores the integration of multimodal analgesia, including the use of liposomal bupivacaine for prolonged pain relief, and discusses challenges such as the learning curve for ultrasound-guided blocks and potential complications. Continuous nerve blocks, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, and neuromodulation techniques are identified as emerging trends that further improve postoperative outcomes and patient recovery. Regional anesthesia is poised to remain a vital component of perioperative care, providing patients with safer, more effective alternatives to traditional pain management approaches.

The rise of social media use among adolescents has significant implications for their mental health, particularly in terms of anxiety, depression, and behavioral disorders. Adolescents are increasingly drawn to social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok, where social comparison, cyberbullying, and the pursuit of online validation can exacerbate mental health issues. Excessive screen time also contributes to sleep deprivation and emotional isolation. This research article examines the impact of social media on adolescent mental health and outlines public health strategies to address the growing crisis.

Organ donation in India is a crucial yet challenging aspect of modern medicine, involving the transfer of organs from one individual, living or deceased, to another in urgent need of a transplant. Despite the high demand, particularly for kidneys, livers, and hearts, the supply remains critically low due to various societal, legal, infrastructural, and ethical challenges. The deceased organ donation rate in India is alarmingly low, which exacerbates the organ shortage and leads to prolonged waiting times and preventable deaths. Cultural beliefs, family dynamics, and mistrust in the healthcare system further hinder donation rates. While the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOA) provides a legal framework, its implementation faces challenges such as inconsistent enforcement and ethical concerns. Recent amendments to THOA aim to simplify the consent process and promote deceased organ donation. Efforts to improve organ donation in India include government initiatives, public awareness campaigns, healthcare professional training, and technological innovations. Future strategies focus on strengthening legal frameworks, expanding awareness campaigns, improving healthcare infrastructure, and encouraging community engagement. By adopting a comprehensive and collaborative approach, India can address the organ donation gap, ultimately saving lives and offering hope to those in need.

Menopause, a significant life transition for women, typically occurs earlier in India compared to Western countries, with the average age around 46.2 years. This period is marked by diverse physiological, psychological, and social challenges, exacerbated by cultural taboos, lack of awareness, and limited healthcare access. Indian women often face a high prevalence of symptoms such as anxiety, exhaustion, and cardiovascular risks, influenced by regional and cultural factors. This comprehensive overview explores the multifaceted nature of menopause in India, covering symptoms, health implications, societal perceptions, and emerging trends in treatment and prevention. It highlights the importance of holistic care, including conventional medical treatments, alternative therapies, lifestyle modifications, and workplace initiatives, while advocating for policy reforms and increased awareness. As India progresses in its approach to menopausal care, the integration of innovative and culturally sensitive strategies will be crucial in improving the quality of life for menopausal women, ensuring they navigate this transition with dignity and well-being.

Tobacco use has severe detrimental effects on oral health, contributing to conditions such as periodontal disease, oral cancer, and delayed wound healing. Smoking and smokeless tobacco products impact various aspects of the oral cavity, with long-term consequences on overall health and quality of life. Public health strategies, including tobacco cessation programs, public awareness campaigns, and regulatory policies, are essential to reducing the global burden of tobacco-related oral diseases. Oral health professionals play a vital role in prevention and cessation efforts, integrating these strategies into routine care.

Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in iron, iodine, vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc, pose a significant public health challenge among Indian adolescents, affecting both physical and cognitive development. These deficiencies, exacerbated by poor diets, socio-economic disparities, and lack of nutrition education, lead to adverse outcomes such as anemia, weakened immunity, impaired growth, and cognitive difficulties. Public health strategies, including government-driven supplementation programs, school-based nutrition education, and community empowerment, are crucial to addressing this issue and improving adolescent health outcomes.

Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, are rising globally, driven by complex interactions between psychological and societal factors. This article explores the impact of body image disturbances, perfectionism, emotional dysregulation, and trauma on the development of eating disorders. Societal pressures, such as the thin ideal and media influence, exacerbate these conditions. Effective treatment approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, family-based therapy, and integrative methods, are necessary for recovery. Addressing these factors can reduce the prevalence of eating disorders and promote body positivity.